Evolution Korea
The democratic system in South Korea is prone to populist tendencies. However, it's healthier than might be expected.
The country is in search of an alternative development model. The Confucian culture, which stresses respect for ancestors as and gender-specific family relationships, continues to influence the society. There are signs that a secularist culture is gaining ground.
Origins
In prehistoric times, the ancestors to modern Koreans were capable of survival through hunting and gathering wild foods. Then around 10,000 years ago, they began to grow crops like millet and beans. They also raised livestock and made furs. They created tribal states in Manchuria and later on the Korean peninsula. They also developed a metallurgy business, making bronze and later iron tools. They traded with other states and introduced cedon papermaking, block printing art styles, as well as writing to Japan.
Gojoseon was founded in 2333 BCE on the southern peninsula. This state adopted Chinese culture, including Confucian Philosophy and Buddhism. In this period the inhabitants of Buyeo were incorporated into Gojoseon. Gojoseon was a hierarchical society that included a monarch as well as senior officials were drawn from the landed aristocracy while the majority of the population was peasants. The state extracted taxes from the citizens and sometimes required them to fight in the army or take part in projects for the government like building fortifications.
Onjo, a prince from Goguryeo who was also the son of Jumong the founder of Goguryeo established the state of Baekje at the close of the time. The new kingdom expanded to the southwest part of the peninsula, and clashed against the Goguryeo commanderies and China's in the area. Baekje adopted Confucian ideas into its state beliefs system in 1390 CE and introduced the male-centric concept of filiopiety a tenet. In the name of filiopiety, fathers were accountable to their families. They were expected to be obeyed by everyone and respected even by their children and grandchildren.
Goryeo, which would rule from 918 to 1392 CE introduced the world to the Hangul alphabet that was based on the shapes formed by the mouth during pronunciation. This greatly improved communication and led to a rise in the writing of Buddhist text. Additionally, movable metal type printing was introduced and woodblock printing was refined. In 1145 CE, the Samguk Sagi or "History of the Three Kingdoms" was first recorded.
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The Korean peninsula has been continuously inhabited since Neolithic times and early evidence of human settlements is evident in the form graves lined with stone, with precious goods like amazonite jewelry being buried along with the dead. Megalithic structures, also known as dolmens, built from enormous single stones, are prevalent throughout the country.
In the first second half of the 1st millennium BCE, Gojoseon established itself as the first recognized political state. After that the peninsula was ruled by a variety of states during the Three Kingdoms period (57 BC- 635 CE) including Baekje Goguryeo and Silla. In addition, the northern region of the peninsula was ruled by the Balhae kingdom, which most historians don't consider to be a valid Korean state.
After the Three Kingdoms, several smaller states emerged during the Proto-Three Kingdoms period, or Several States Period (yeolgugsidae). Among them, Baekje was the most powerful state but its dynasty dissolved when Goguryeo was defeated in 676 CE, leaving Baekje with its southern territories of Manchuria and the western region around the Hwanghae Bay, while eastern Buyeo and the Gaya confederacy prospered for a period of time.
The Unified Silla Kingdom then emerged and the three kingdoms began to collaborate to expand their territories. Silla with the aid of the Chinese, eventually conquered and unified the peninsula in 935.
As Korea enters a post-crisis era, its development paradigm seems to be changing. Those who are horrified by the enormous cost of the old system advocate a comprehensive program of liberalization of labor, capital and product markets. On the other hand those who support the old system want to protect it by using nationalist sentiments and generating fear about job losses.
The academic and policy analysts remain starkly divided as to the extent to the extent that these two trends are driving Koreas shift towards an economic model that is radically different from the one of governance. This article analyzes the five phases of Korea's evolution in terms of its political development including illiberal democracies (1945-60) democratic autoritarianism (1961-72) authoritarian exceptionalism (1972-1877), democratic paternalism (2001-2002) and democratic participation (2002). This article also identifies the key elements that are driving these developments.
Creationism in Korea
In South Korea, 26 percent of the population is Christian. The creationists have been successful in promoting their views among this group. A survey conducted in 2009 found that nearly three-quarters of respondents did not believe in the theory of evolution. Of the respondents, 41% believed that there was no scientific evidence to support the theory 39% of respondents said it contradicted their religious beliefs, and 17% said they did not comprehend it. This level of disbelief is comparable to that in the United States, where a majority of people are not convinced that humans evolved from earlier species of life.
In the past, the majority of the anti-evolutionist movement in Korea was focused on teaching college students and leading them to Christ. In 1980 the year 1980, a four-day creation science seminar was held in Seoul during the World Evangelization Crusade. Drs. Henry Morris and Duane Giss of ICR were the featured speakers. This event attracted a large number of church leaders and scientists.
The success of this event led to the establishment of the Korea Association of Creation Research (KACR) on January 31 1981. The meeting was covered extensively in the national media, including The Korea Times, Chosun Ilbo and The Korea Times.
KACR started publishing a newsletter titled CREATION. In it, the group presented its own work and published articles on the scientific evidence for creationism. It also translated several slides and film strips from ICR, as well as some books on the subject that were in print outside of Korea. KACR members gave lectures across the country at universities and churches.
One example of an KACR success story occurred at the KAIST university in Seoul. Students at the KAIST university in Seoul were so interested in creationism, they raised funds and received support to build an enlightened museum on campus.
In addition to its work, KACR has published a bimonthly magazine, CREATION. The magazine covers a variety of topics that pertain to the science of creation. It also sponsored a series of lectures by ICR staff. It has also organized local branches, which hold seminars and present talks to children in schools and other community groups.
The evolution of South Korea
In the late 19th century and the beginning of 20th, Korea moved toward a Westernised lifestyle. The hanbok, the traditional Korean dress, gave way to miniskirts and other style elements from abroad. Similarly, traditional Korean music styles were replaced by contemporary jazz and rock and roll. In this period the samulnori, or masked dance dramas, were loved by the public. These dramatic dances were performed to the accompaniment of shaman drums and various musical instruments.
The economic crisis has formed Korea's new model of development. The main challenge for the new regime is to strike an equilibrium between state-led and market-oriented economic policies. It also involves changing incentives, monitoring or disciplining schemes which have been a part of the system prior the crisis. These issues are discussed in Chapters 3 & 4.
Baekje was founded by Onjo, prince and third son of Jumong of Goguryeo was established by people from the Hangang River area, Buyeo and other regions as well as migrant workers from northern China. Baekje, one of the major regional powers in the early 4th Century expanded its territory to Mahan in north and Jeollanam-do south. 무료에볼루션 was in constant conflict with Goguryeo, and the Chinese commanderies on the border.
The fall of Silla in the 8th and early 9th centuries enabled powerful local factions to rise. Gungye was a nobleman from Later Baekje who established a kingdom in Songak with Songak as its capital. He ruled a portion of today's Jeolla province and Chungcheong. Then, he moved the capital to Wansanju. He became a rival to Goguryeo.
However his rule was not long-lasting. After his defeat, Gungye was replaced by a powerful local leader, Wang Geon, who united Goryeo with Baekje and Silla in 935, Later Baekje was peacefully incorporated into Goryeo as an heir state. Additionally, Wang Geon introduced fundamental reforms and strengthened a centralized rule system. This marked the end of the Three Kingdoms period. From that point, the Korean peninsula was ruled by the Goryeo Dynasty. In the Three Kingdoms period, Goguryeo, Baekje and Silla gradually became powerful states in Manchuria and on the peninsula.